# PhyChemBillyLi


## Posts

- [Chemistry - SN1 vs SN2 and Chirality Explorer](https://phychembillyli.hk/chemistry-sn1-vs-sn2-and-chirality-explorer/): const { useState, useMemo, useRef, useEffect } = React; const { motion, AnimatePresence } = window.Motion; // ---------- Constants ---------- const L = 105; // bond length in the drawing const SUBSTRATES = { sn2: { react: '2-bromobutane', prod: 'butan-2-ol', groups: { T: 'C₂H₅', F: 'H', B: 'CH₃' } }, sn1: { react: '3-bromo-3-methylhexane', prod: '3-methylhexan-3-ol', groups: { T: 'C₃H₇', F: 'CH₃', B: 'C₂H₅' } }, }; // phi = rotation of each group around the C-LG axis (T = top, F = front-lower, B = back-lower) const GROUPS = [{ id: 'T', phi: 0 }, { id: 'F', phi: 120 }, { id: 'B', phi: 240 }]; const STYLES = { T: { fill: '#1e3a8a', stroke: '#60a5fa', text: '#bfdbfe' }, F: { fill: '#14532d', stroke: '#4ade80', text: '#bbf7d0' }, B: { fill: '#581c87', stroke: '#c084fc', text: '#e9d5ff' }, Nu: { fill: '#7f1d1d', stroke: '#f87171', text: '#fecaca' }, LG: { fill: '#78350f', stroke: '#f59e0b', text: '#fde68a' }, C: { fill: '#334155', stroke: '#e2e8f0', text: '#ffffff' }, }; const PROFILE = { sn2: [[0, 0.25], [0.55, 0.85], [1, 0.1]], sn1: [[0, 0.25], [0.25, 0.85], [0.5, 0.5], [0.78, 0.7], [1, 0.1]], }; // Progress value (t) at which each step "rests" const STOPS = { sn2: [0, 0.3, 0.55, 1], sn1: [0, 0.5, 1] }; const STEP_LABELS = { sn2: ['Reactant', 'Nu⁻ approaches', 'Transition state', 'Product'], sn1: ['Reactant', 'Carbocation', 'Product'], }; const opp = (c) => (c === 'R' ?
- [Joe_Physics_Revision_17 October 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/joe_physics_revision_17-october-2026/)
- [Joe (2026)_Chemistry_Revision_14 October 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/joe-2026_chemistry_revision_14-october-2026/): Do one part each day. Say each answer out loud.
- [Vanilla (2026)_Chemistry_Recap_14 October 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/vanilla-2026_chemistry_recap_14-october-2026/): Question 1 consists of 10 multiple-choice questions. Each has one correct answer. Write your answers in the answer boxes at the end of Question 1.
- [Tia (2026)_Chemistry_Recap_14 October 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/tia-2026_chemistry_recap_14-october-2026/): Question 1 consists of 10 multiple-choice questions. Each has one correct answer. Write your answers in the answer boxes at the end of Question 1.
- [F3 (2026)_Chemistry_Recap_14 October 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/f3-2026_chemistry_recap_14-october-2026/): Question 1 consists of 20 multiple-choice questions. Each has one correct answer. Write your answers in the answer boxes at the end of Question 1.
- [Carmen (2026)_Chemistry_Recap_14 October 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/carmen-2026_chemistry_recap_14-october-2026/): Question 1 consists of 10 multiple-choice questions. Each has one correct answer. Write your answers in the answer boxes at the end of Question 1.
- [Megan (2026)_Chemistry_Recap_13 October 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/megan-2026_chemistry_recap_13-october-2026/): Total: 50 marks | Suggested time: 60–70 minutes | Data: relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, Mg = 24.3, Cu = 63.5, Zn = 65.4, Ag = 108, Pb = 207; molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.)
- [Tia (2026)_Physics_Recap_9 October 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/tia-2026_physics_recap_9-october-2026/): Total: 70 marks | Suggested time: 90–100 minutes | Data: specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg−1 °C−1; specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.34 × 105 J kg−1; specific latent heat of vaporisation of water = 2.26 × 106 J kg−1.
- [Vanilla (2026)_Chemistry_Recap_9 October 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/vanilla-2026_chemistry_recap_9-october-2026/): Total: 70 marks | Suggested time: 90–100 minutes | Atomic numbers: H 1, He 2, Li 3, Be 4, B 5, C 6, N 7, O 8, F 9, Ne 10, Na 11, Mg 12, Al 13, Si 14, P 15, S 16, Cl 17, Ar 18, K 19, Ca 20.
- [Vanilla (2026)_Chemistry_Recap_8 October 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/vanilla-2026_chemistry_recap_8-october-2026/): Total: 70 marks | Suggested time: 90–100 minutes | A Periodic Table is required. Take the relative isotopic mass of carbon-12 as exactly 12.
- [Vanilla (2026)_Physics_Recap_8 October 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/vanilla-2026_physics_recap_8-october-2026/): Total: 70 marks | Suggested time: 90–100 minutes | Speed of light in vacuum: c = 3.00 × 108 m s−1; take the refractive index of air as 1.00.
- [Joe (2026)_Chemistry_Recap_8 October 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/joe-2026_chemistry_recap_8-october-2026/): Total: 50 marks | Suggested time: 60–70 minutes | A Periodic Table is required. Relative isotopic masses are given where needed.
- [Joe (2026)_Physics_Recap_8 October 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/joe-2026_physics_recap_8-october-2026/): Total: 50 marks | Suggested time: 60–70 minutes | Use a sharp pencil and a ruler. Draw virtual rays and virtual images with dashed lines.
- [F6 Student (2026)_Physics_Pre-Course Test_2 October 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/f6-student-2026_physics_pre-course-test_2-october-2026/): For each statement, state whether it is True or False. No explanation is required.
- [Jack (2026)_Integrated Science_Recap_2 October 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/jack-2026_integrated-science_recap_2-october-2026/): For an analogue instrument, the limitation of reading is taken as ± half of the smallest scale division.
- [Jack (2026)_Integrated Science_Recap_26 September 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/jack-2026_integrated-science_recap_26-september-2026/): Complete each statement using the most appropriate word, symbol or numerical value.
- [Vanilla (2026)_Physics_Recap_2 October 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/vanilla-2026_physics_recap_2-october-2026/): Each question has one correct answer. Choose the best option.
- [Vanilla (2006)_Chemistry_Recap_2 October 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/vanilla-2006_chemistry_recap_2-october-2026/): For each statement, state whether it is True or False. If it is false, rewrite the statement correctly.
- [Jack (2026)_Integrated Science_Recap_Issue: 26 September 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/jack-2026_integrated-science_recap_issue-26-september-2026/): Complete each statement using the most appropriate word, symbol or numerical value.
- [Carmen (2026)_Chemistry_Pre-Course Test_Issue: 22 September 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/carmen-2026_chemistry_pre-course-test_issue-22-september-2026/): Choose the best answer for each question.
- [Adrian (2026)_IGCSE Physics_Recap_28 September 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/adrian-2026_igcse-physics_recap_28-september-2026/): Choose the best answer for each question. Use a gravitational field strength of 10 N/kg unless otherwise stated.
- [Ho Him_IGCSE Chemistry_Recap_Issue: 22 September 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/ho-him_igcse-chemistry_recap_issue-22-september-2026/): Choose the best answer for each question. Each question carries one mark.
- [Jack (2026)_Integrated Science_Recap_24 September 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/jack-2026_integrated-science_recap_24-september-2026/): Complete each sentence with the most suitable word, unit, symbol or numerical value.
- [Joe (2026)_Integrated Science_Recap_26 September 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/joe-2026_integrated-science_recap_26-september-2026/): Choose the best answer for each question.
- [Megan (2026)_Chemistry_Recap_Issue: 22 September 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/megan-2026_chemistry_recap_issue-22-september-2026/): Choose the best answer for each question.
- [Vanilla (2026)_Chemistry_Recap_24 September 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/vanilla-2026_chemistry_recap_24-september-2026/): Choose the best answer for each question.
- [Vanilla (2026)_Physics_Recap_26 September 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/vanilla-2026_physics_recap_26-september-2026/): Choose the best answer for each question. All angles of incidence and reflection are measured from the normal unless otherwise stated.
- [Vanilla (2026)_Chemistry_Recap_18 September 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/vanilla-2026_chemistry_recap_18-september-2026/): State whether each statement is true or false. If a statement is false, rewrite it correctly.
- [Megan (2026)_Chemistry_Recap_14 September 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/megan-2026_chemistry_recap_14-september-2026/): Enable JavaScript to display this worksheet and its answer controls.
- [Ronnie (2026)_Physics_Recap_15 September 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/ronnie-2026_physics_recap_15-september-2026/): The distance from the first crest to the sixth crest of a water wave is equal to five wavelengths.
- [F2 DBS (2026)_Integrated Science_Recap_16 September 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/f2-dbs-2026_integrated-science_16-september-2026/): Complete each statement using the most appropriate scientific term. More than one word may be used in a blank.
- [Alvina (2026) iAL Chemistry Recap Questions to be used on 2 Sep 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/alvina-2026-ial-chemistry-recap-questions-to-be-used-on-2-sep-2026/): Reactants A and B react in solution according to the overall equation below. A series of initial-rate experiments is carried out at constant temperature.
- [Adrian (2026) IGCSE Physics Recap Questions to be used on 7 Sep 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/adrian-2026-igcse-physics-recap-questions-to-be-used-on-7-sep-2026/): A lift of total mass 650 kg is initially at rest. Its motor produces an upward tension of 7800 N in the supporting cable.
- [Ho Him (2026) IGCSE Chemistry Recap Questions to be used on 6 Sep 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/ho-him-2026-igcse-chemistry-recap-questions-to-be-used-on-6-sep-2026/): A sodium atom is represented by 2311Na. Some information about four other substances is shown in the table.
- [F3 (2026) Chemistry Recap Questions to be used on 6 Sep 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/f3-2026-chemistry-recap-questions-to-be-used-on-6-sep-2026/): The particle diagrams below represent four different samples. Circles of different colours represent atoms of different elements.
- [Tia (2026) Chemistry Recap Questions to be used on 6 Sep 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/tia-2026-chemistry-recap-questions-to-be-used-on-6-sep-2026/): Limestone, chalk and marble are naturally occurring materials containing calcium carbonate.
- [Tia (2026) Physics Recap Questions to be used on 6 Sep 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/tia-2026-physics-recap-questions-to-be-used-on-6-sep-2026/): A particle moves along a straight horizontal line. Positions to the right of the origin are taken as positive.
- [Joe (2026) Integrated Science Recap Questions to be used on 5 Sep 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/joe-2026-integrated-science-recap-questions-to-be-used-on-5-sep-2026/): A narrow ray of light strikes a horizontal plane mirror at point O. The angle between the incident ray and the surface of the mirror is 35°.
- [Vanilla (2026) Physics Recap Questions to be used on 5 Sep 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/vanilla-2026-physics-recap-questions-to-be-used-on-5-sep-2026/): A narrow ray of light travels towards a plane mirror at point O. The angle between the incident ray and the mirror surface is 32°.
- [Vanilla (2026) Chemistry Recap Questions to be used on 4 Sep 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/vanilla-2026-chemistry-recap-questions-to-be-used-on-4-sep-2026/): Four samples, P, Q, R and S, are examined. The information obtained is shown in the table below.
- [Megan (2026) Chemistry Recap Questions to be used on 4 Sep 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/megan-2026-chemistry-recap-questions-to-be-used-on-4-sep-2026/): A piece of magnesium ribbon is added to an aqueous solution of copper(II) sulphate.
- [Jack (2026) Integrated Science Recap Questions to be used on 2 Sep 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/jack-2026-integrated-science-recap-questions-to-be-used-on-2-sep-2026/): A student investigates how the temperature of water affects the time taken for a sugar cube to dissolve.
- [阿仔話：「嗰個物理學家錯喇！」冇地心吸力，我咪應該飛上天？](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e9%98%bf%e4%bb%94%e8%a9%b1%ef%bc%9a%e3%80%8c%e5%97%b0%e5%80%8b%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e5%ad%b8%e5%ae%b6%e9%8c%af%e5%96%87%ef%bc%81%e3%80%8d%e5%86%87%e5%9c%b0%e5%bf%83%e5%90%b8%e5%8a%9b%ef%bc%8c%e6%88%91/)
- [物理概念應用：iPhone 從 3 萬米高空墜落，撞地速度真的更快嗎？](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e6%a6%82%e5%bf%b5%e6%87%89%e7%94%a8%ef%bc%9aiphone-%e5%be%9e-3-%e8%90%ac%e7%b1%b3%e9%ab%98%e7%a9%ba%e5%a2%9c%e8%90%bd%ef%bc%8c%e6%92%9e%e5%9c%b0%e9%80%9f%e5%ba%a6%e7%9c%9f%e7%9a%84/)
- [煙霧警報器如何「看見」火災？ 認識電離式與光電式煙霧感應器](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e7%85%99%e9%9c%a7%e8%ad%a6%e5%a0%b1%e5%99%a8%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e3%80%8c%e7%9c%8b%e8%a6%8b%e3%80%8d%e7%81%ab%e7%81%bd%ef%bc%9f-%e8%aa%8d%e8%ad%98%e9%9b%bb%e9%9b%a2%e5%bc%8f%e8%88%87%e5%85%89%e9%9b%bb/)
- [Jack (2026) Integrated Science Recap Questions to be used on 31 August 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/jack-2026-integrated-science-recap-questions-to-be-used-on-31-august-2026/): A student investigates how the temperature of water affects the time taken for a vitamin tablet to completely dissolve.
- [化學概念應用：家居小妙招！用鋁箔紙與小蘇打讓銀飾恢復光澤 (Chemistry in Action: Restoring Silver Jewelry)](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e5%8c%96%e5%ad%b8%e6%a6%82%e5%bf%b5%e6%87%89%e7%94%a8%ef%bc%9a%e5%ae%b6%e5%b1%85%e5%b0%8f%e5%a6%99%e6%8b%9b%ef%bc%81%e7%94%a8%e9%8b%81%e7%ae%94%e7%b4%99%e8%88%87%e5%b0%8f%e8%98%87%e6%89%93%e8%ae%93/)
- [化學概念應用：廢鋁變黃金？Voya Energy 鋁燃料發電技術 (Chemistry in Action: Aluminum Fuel Generator)](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e5%8c%96%e5%ad%b8%e6%a6%82%e5%bf%b5%e6%87%89%e7%94%a8%ef%bc%9a%e5%bb%a2%e9%8b%81%e8%ae%8a%e9%bb%83%e9%87%91%ef%bc%9fvoya-energy-%e9%8b%81%e7%87%83%e6%96%99%e7%99%bc%e9%9b%bb%e6%8a%80%e8%a1%93-chemis/)
- [識得代公式，不等於理解物理](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e8%ad%98%e5%be%97%e4%bb%a3%e5%85%ac%e5%bc%8f%ef%bc%8c%e4%b8%8d%e7%ad%89%e6%96%bc%e7%90%86%e8%a7%a3%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86/): 學生答對了一道物理題，是否代表他真正理解題目背後的物理？
- [從 E=mc² 到現代科技——相對論離我們有多遠？（第三/最後部分）](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e5%be%9e-emc%c2%b2-%e5%88%b0%e7%8f%be%e4%bb%a3%e7%a7%91%e6%8a%80-%e7%9b%b8%e5%b0%8d%e8%ab%96%e9%9b%a2%e6%88%91%e5%80%91%e6%9c%89%e5%a4%9a%e9%81%a0%ef%bc%9f/): From E=mc² to Modern Technology — How Close Is Relativity to Our Lives?
- [高速運動會令時間變慢嗎？時間膨脹的秘密（第二部分）](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e9%ab%98%e9%80%9f%e9%81%8b%e5%8b%95%e6%9c%83%e4%bb%a4%e6%99%82%e9%96%93%e8%ae%8a%e6%85%a2%e5%97%8e%ef%bc%9f%e6%99%82%e9%96%93%e8%86%a8%e8%84%b9%e7%9a%84%e7%a7%98%e5%af%86/): Does Time Slow Down at High Speed?
- [時間真的人人一樣嗎？認識狹義相對論（第一部分）](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e6%99%82%e9%96%93%e7%9c%9f%e7%9a%84%e4%ba%ba%e4%ba%ba%e4%b8%80%e6%a8%a3%e5%97%8e%ef%bc%9f%e8%aa%8d%e8%ad%98%e7%8b%b9%e7%be%a9%e7%9b%b8%e5%b0%8d%e8%ab%96/): Is Time the Same for Everyone?
- [Ronnie (2026)_Wave Propagation_25 August 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/ronnie-2026_wave-propagation_25-august-2026/): A cork is floating on still water. A train of water waves travels from left to right and passes the cork.
- [Vanilla (2026)_Microscopic World I_25 August 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/vanilla-2026_microscopic-world-i_25-august-2026/): Isotopes, electronic arrangements, electron-shell filling, periodic-table positions, periodic trends and relative atomic mass calculations.
- [Adrian (2026)_Momentum_25 August 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/adrian-2026_momentum_25-august-2026/): A moving trolley collides with a stationary trolley, and they stick together. Why must their combined speed be lower than the first trolley’s original speed?
- [Vanilla (2026) Reflection and Plane Mirrors — Recap](https://phychembillyli.hk/vanilla-2026-reflection-and-plane-mirrors-recap/): Coverage: pages 2–21 of the physics notes, including the nature of light, the ray model, laws and types of reflection, plane-mirror images, full-length mirrors, and movement of objects, mirrors and images.
- [Vanilla (2026) Microscopic World Part 1 — Recap on 23 August 2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/microscopic-world-part-1-recap-on-23-august-2026/): Coverage: atomic structure, nuclide notation, isotopes, relative isotopic mass, relative atomic mass, isotopic abundance and electronic arrangements.
- [2026 DSE佳績分享](https://phychembillyli.hk/2026-dse%e4%bd%b3%e7%b8%be%e5%88%86%e4%ba%ab/): 在合共 10個應考科次中， 學生取得2個5**、4個5*及2個5。
- [Is 262/300 Good Enough for an A* in IAL Chemistry?](https://phychembillyli.hk/is-262-300-good-enough-for-an-a-in-ial-chemistry/): Is 262/300 Good Enough for an A* in IAL Chemistry?
- [中學物理概念釐清：動量守恆定律](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e4%b8%ad%e5%ad%b8%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e6%a6%82%e5%bf%b5%e9%87%90%e6%b8%85%ef%bc%9a%e5%8b%95%e9%87%8f%e5%ae%88%e6%81%86%e5%ae%9a%e5%be%8b/)
- [Vanilla (2026)_Chemistry_18/8/2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/vanilla-2026_chemistry_18-8-2026/): Atomic structure, isotopes, relative masses and electronic arrangements. Show all calculations and working clearly.
- [Vanilla (2026)_Physics_18/8/2026](https://phychembillyli.hk/vanilla-2026_physics_18-8-2026/): Show all working clearly. Diagrams are not necessarily drawn to scale. Give appropriate units with numerical answers.
- [白話文科普：用最簡單的方式理解量子力學中的「負時間」 | HKDSE 物理延伸閱讀](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e7%99%bd%e8%a9%b1%e6%96%87%e7%a7%91%e6%99%ae%ef%bc%9a%e7%94%a8%e6%9c%80%e7%b0%a1%e5%96%ae%e7%9a%84%e6%96%b9%e5%bc%8f%e7%90%86%e8%a7%a3%e9%87%8f%e5%ad%90%e5%8a%9b%e5%ad%b8%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e3%80%8c/)
- [週末親子放電好橋：同阿仔一齊摺紙飛機，玩轉空氣動力學 (Aerodynamics)](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e9%80%b1%e6%9c%ab%e8%a6%aa%e5%ad%90%e6%94%be%e9%9b%bb%e5%a5%bd%e6%a9%8b%ef%bc%9a%e5%90%8c%e9%98%bf%e4%bb%94%e4%b8%80%e9%bd%8a%e6%91%ba%e7%b4%99%e9%a3%9b%e6%a9%9f%ef%bc%8c%e7%8e%a9%e8%bd%89%e7%a9%ba/)
- [育兒好物分享：與兒子一起探索2合1氣壓飛機發射器的物理奧秘](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e8%82%b2%e5%85%92%e5%a5%bd%e7%89%a9%e5%88%86%e4%ba%ab%ef%bc%9a%e8%88%87%e5%85%92%e5%ad%90%e4%b8%80%e8%b5%b7%e6%8e%a2%e7%b4%a22%e5%90%881%e6%b0%a3%e5%a3%93%e9%a3%9b%e6%a9%9f%e7%99%bc%e5%b0%84%e5%99%a8/)
- [物理概念釐清：升降機內的「視重」變化 (Apparent Weight in an Elevator)](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e6%a6%82%e5%bf%b5%e9%87%90%e6%b8%85%ef%bc%9a%e5%8d%87%e9%99%8d%e6%a9%9f%e5%85%a7%e7%9a%84%e3%80%8c%e8%a6%96%e9%87%8d%e3%80%8d%e8%ae%8a%e5%8c%96-apparent-weight-in-an-elevator/)
- [Physics Concept Clarification: Why Blowing Air Cools Down Soup (物理概念釐清：為什麼吹氣能讓湯變涼)](https://phychembillyli.hk/physics-concept-clarification-why-blowing-air-cools-down-soup-%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e6%a6%82%e5%bf%b5%e9%87%90%e6%b8%85%ef%bc%9a%e7%82%ba%e4%bb%80%e9%ba%bc%e5%90%b9%e6%b0%a3%e8%83%bd%e8%ae%93%e6%b9%af/)
- [化學補底指南：木炭 (Charcoal) 與活性碳 (Activated Carbon) 有何分別？](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e5%8c%96%e5%ad%b8%e8%a3%9c%e5%ba%95%e6%8c%87%e5%8d%97%ef%bc%9a%e6%9c%a8%e7%82%ad-charcoal-%e8%88%87%e6%b4%bb%e6%80%a7%e7%a2%b3-activated-carbon-%e6%9c%89%e4%bd%95%e5%88%86%e5%88%a5%ef%bc%9f/)
- [化學補底指南：如何秒記鹽的溶解度 (Solubility of Salts)？](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e5%8c%96%e5%ad%b8%e8%a3%9c%e5%ba%95%e6%8c%87%e5%8d%97%ef%bc%9a%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e7%a7%92%e8%a8%98%e9%b9%bd%e7%9a%84%e6%ba%b6%e8%a7%a3%e5%ba%a6-solubility-of-salts%ef%bc%9f/)
- [科學探究的基石：認識實驗中的「變項」 (Understanding Variables)](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%b8%e6%8e%a2%e7%a9%b6%e7%9a%84%e5%9f%ba%e7%9f%b3%ef%bc%9a%e8%aa%8d%e8%ad%98%e5%af%a6%e9%a9%97%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e3%80%8c%e8%ae%8a%e9%a0%85%e3%80%8d-understanding-variables/)
- [彩虹邨的回憶：補習時光與成長點滴](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e5%bd%a9%e8%99%b9%e9%82%a8%e7%9a%84%e5%9b%9e%e6%86%b6%ef%bc%9a%e8%a3%9c%e7%bf%92%e6%99%82%e5%85%89%e8%88%87%e6%88%90%e9%95%b7%e9%bb%9e%e6%bb%b4/)
- [以物理解釋尷尬：Ideal Gas Law 與日常現象](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e4%bb%a5%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e8%a7%a3%e9%87%8b%e5%b0%b7%e5%b0%ac%ef%bc%9aideal-gas-law-%e8%88%87%e6%97%a5%e5%b8%b8%e7%8f%be%e8%b1%a1/)
- [物理概念釐清：能量守恆與動量守恆的綜合應用 (Conservation of Energy and Momentum)](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e6%a6%82%e5%bf%b5%e9%87%90%e6%b8%85%ef%bc%9a%e8%83%bd%e9%87%8f%e5%ae%88%e6%81%86%e8%88%87%e5%8b%95%e9%87%8f%e5%ae%88%e6%81%86%e7%9a%84%e7%b6%9c%e5%90%88%e6%87%89%e7%94%a8-conservat/)
- [化學補底指南：為何食鹽 (NaCl) 溶於水卻不溶於 CCl₄？](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e5%8c%96%e5%ad%b8%e8%a3%9c%e5%ba%95%e6%8c%87%e5%8d%97%ef%bc%9a%e7%82%ba%e4%bd%95%e9%a3%9f%e9%b9%bd-nacl-%e6%ba%b6%e6%96%bc%e6%b0%b4%e5%8d%bb%e4%b8%8d%e6%ba%b6%e6%96%bc-ccl%e2%82%84%ef%bc%9f/)
- [物理補底指南：HKDSE 文憑試如何從零建立穩固的物理基礎](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e8%a3%9c%e5%ba%95%e6%8c%87%e5%8d%97%ef%bc%9ahkdse-%e6%96%87%e6%86%91%e8%a9%a6%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e5%be%9e%e9%9b%b6%e5%bb%ba%e7%ab%8b%e7%a9%a9%e5%9b%ba%e7%9a%84%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86/)
- [科學新發現：解開 2600 年的靜電之謎 (Science News: Solving the 2,600-Year Mystery of Static Electricity)](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%b8%e6%96%b0%e7%99%bc%e7%8f%be%ef%bc%9a%e8%a7%a3%e9%96%8b-2600-%e5%b9%b4%e7%9a%84%e9%9d%9c%e9%9b%bb%e4%b9%8b%e8%ac%8e-science-news-solving-the-2600-year-mystery-of-static-electricity/)
- [物理概念釐清：發電機的「輸入功率」定義 (Power Input of Generators)](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e6%a6%82%e5%bf%b5%e9%87%90%e6%b8%85%ef%bc%9a%e7%99%bc%e9%9b%bb%e6%a9%9f%e7%9a%84%e3%80%8c%e8%bc%b8%e5%85%a5%e5%8a%9f%e7%8e%87%e3%80%8d%e5%ae%9a%e7%be%a9/)
- [沉澱反應模擬器 (Precipitation Reaction Simulator) - 探索離子化合物的溶解與沉澱](https://phychembillyli.hk/552-2/): 這個互動式沉澱反應模擬器 (Precipitation Reaction Simulator) 旨在幫助學生視覺化化學中的沉澱反應 (Precipitation Reaction)。
- [紙色譜法模擬器 (Paper Chromatography Simulator) - 探索色素分離技術](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e7%b4%99%e8%89%b2%e8%ad%9c%e6%b3%95%e6%a8%a1%e6%93%ac%e5%99%a8-paper-chromatography-simulator-%e6%8e%a2%e7%b4%a2%e8%89%b2%e7%b4%a0%e5%88%86%e9%9b%a2%e6%8a%80%e8%a1%93/): 這個互動式紙色譜法模擬器 (Paper Chromatography Simulator) 旨在幫助學生視覺化化學中的分離技術 (Separation Techniques)。
- [質譜儀模擬器 (Mass Spectrometer Simulator) - 探索離子聚焦與氯氣質譜](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e8%b3%aa%e8%ad%9c%e5%84%80%e6%a8%a1%e6%93%ac%e5%99%a8-mass-spectrometer-simulator-%e6%8e%a2%e7%b4%a2%e9%9b%a2%e5%ad%90%e8%81%9a%e7%84%a6%e8%88%87%e6%b0%af%e6%b0%a3%e8%b3%aa%e8%ad%9c/): 這個互動式質譜儀模擬器 (Mass Spectrometer Simulator) 旨在幫助學生視覺化帶電粒子在磁場 (Magnetic Field) 中的運動軌跡。
- [離子鍵探索模擬器 (Ionic Bond Explorer) - 視覺化電子轉移與晶格形成](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e9%9b%a2%e5%ad%90%e9%8d%b5%e6%8e%a2%e7%b4%a2%e6%a8%a1%e6%93%ac%e5%99%a8-ionic-bond-explorer-%e8%a6%96%e8%a6%ba%e5%8c%96%e9%9b%bb%e5%ad%90%e8%bd%89%e7%a7%bb%e8%88%87%e6%99%b6%e6%a0%bc%e5%bd%a2/): 這個互動式化學模擬器 (Interactive Chemistry Simulation) 旨在幫助學生視覺化化學中的離子鍵結 (Ionic Bonding) 過程。
- [物質狀態與動能模擬器 (States of Matter & Kinetic Motion Simulator) - 比較 CO₂ 與 SiO₂](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e7%89%a9%e8%b3%aa%e7%8b%80%e6%85%8b%e8%88%87%e5%8b%95%e8%83%bd%e6%a8%a1%e6%93%ac%e5%99%a8-states-of-matter-kinetic-motion-simulator-%e6%af%94%e8%bc%83-co%e2%82%82-%e8%88%87-sio%e2%82%82/): 這個互動式模擬器旨在幫助學生視覺化化學中的物質狀態 (States of Matter) 與粒子動力學 (Kinetic Theory)。
- [3D 離子晶體與晶格觀察器 (3D Ionic Crystal & Lattice Viewer) - 探索微觀化學結構](https://phychembillyli.hk/3d-%e9%9b%a2%e5%ad%90%e6%99%b6%e9%ab%94%e8%88%87%e6%99%b6%e6%a0%bc%e8%a7%80%e5%af%9f%e5%99%a8-3d-ionic-crystal-lattice-viewer-%e6%8e%a2%e7%b4%a2%e5%be%ae%e8%a7%80%e5%8c%96%e5%ad%b8%e7%b5%90/): 這個互動式 3D 晶體晶格觀察器 (3D Crystal Lattice Viewer) 旨在幫助學生與化學愛好者視覺化各種常見化合物的微觀三維結構。
- [旋轉式溫度計模擬器 (Rotary Thermometer Simulator) - 探索熱膨脹原理](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e9%9b%99%e9%87%91%e5%b1%ac%e6%ba%ab%e5%ba%a6%e8%a8%88%e6%a8%a1%e6%93%ac%e5%99%a8-rotary-thermometer-simulator-%e6%8e%a2%e7%b4%a2%e7%86%b1%e8%86%a8%e8%84%b9%e5%8e%9f%e7%90%86/): 這個互動式旋轉式溫度模擬器 (Rotary Thermometer Simulator) 旨在幫助學生視覺化物理學中的熱膨脹 (Thermal Expansion) 現象。
- [變阻器模擬器 (Rheostat Simulator) - 探索直流電路與電阻控制](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e8%ae%8a%e9%98%bb%e5%99%a8%e6%a8%a1%e6%93%ac%e5%99%a8-rheostat-simulator-%e6%8e%a2%e7%b4%a2%e7%9b%b4%e6%b5%81%e9%9b%bb%e8%b7%af%e8%88%87%e9%9b%bb%e9%98%bb%e6%8e%a7%e5%88%b6/): 這個互動式變阻器模擬器 ( Rheostat Simulator) 旨在幫助學生視覺化物理學中的直流電路 (DC Circuits) 與歐姆定律 (Ohm's Law)。
- [牛頓大砲模擬器 (Newton's Cannonball Simulator) - 探索重力與軌道](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e7%89%9b%e9%a0%93%e5%a4%a7%e7%a0%b2%e6%a8%a1%e6%93%ac%e5%99%a8-newtons-cannonball-simulator-%e6%8e%a2%e7%b4%a2%e9%87%8d%e5%8a%9b%e8%88%87%e8%bb%8c%e9%81%93/): 這個互動式牛頓大砲模擬器 (Newton's Cannonball Simulator) 旨在幫助學生視覺化物理學中的萬有引力 (Universal Gravitation) 與軌道力學 (Orbital Mechanics)。
- [開普勒定律模擬器 (Kepler's Laws Simulator) - 探索行星運動](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e9%96%8b%e6%99%ae%e5%8b%92%e5%ae%9a%e5%be%8b%e6%a8%a1%e6%93%ac%e5%99%a8-keplers-laws-simulator-%e6%8e%a2%e7%b4%a2%e8%a1%8c%e6%98%9f%e9%81%8b%e5%8b%95/): 這個互動式開普勒定律模擬器 (Kepler's Laws Simulator) 旨在幫助學生視覺化天文學與物理學中的行星運動 (Planetary Motion)。透過這個工具，你可以清楚地觀察到行星在圍繞恆星運行時的軌道特徵，並驗證開普勒的三大定律。
- [斜面摩擦力模擬器 (Inclined Plane Friction Simulator) - 探索靜摩擦與動摩擦](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e6%96%9c%e9%9d%a2%e6%91%a9%e6%93%a6%e5%8a%9b%e6%a8%a1%e6%93%ac%e5%99%a8-inclined-plane-friction-simulator-%e6%8e%a2%e7%b4%a2%e9%9d%9c%e6%91%a9%e6%93%a6%e8%88%87%e5%8b%95%e6%91%a9%e6%93%a6/): 這個互動式斜面摩擦力模擬器 (Inclined Plane Friction Simulator) 旨在幫助學生視覺化牛頓力學 (Newtonian Mechanics) 中的受力情形。
- [混合動力車輛 (Hybrid Electric Vehicle Simulator) - 探索能源轉換與駕駛模式](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e6%b7%b7%e5%90%88%e5%8b%95%e5%8a%9b%e8%bb%8a%e8%bc%9b-hybrid-electric-vehicle-simulator-%e6%8e%a2%e7%b4%a2%e8%83%bd%e6%ba%90%e8%bd%89%e6%8f%9b%e8%88%87%e9%a7%95%e9%a7%9b%e6%a8%a1%e5%bc%8f/): 這個互動式模擬器 (Hybrid Powertrain Simulator) 旨在幫助學生視覺化混合動力車輛 (Hybrid Electric Vehicle, HEV) 內部的能源流動 (Energy flow) 與動力學。
- [地球同步衛星軌道模擬器 (GEO Satellite Orbit Simulator) - 探索引力與赤道面](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e5%9c%b0%e7%90%83%e5%90%8c%e6%ad%a5%e8%a1%9b%e6%98%9f%e8%bb%8c%e9%81%93%e6%a8%a1%e6%93%ac%e5%99%a8-geo-satellite-orbit-simulator-%e6%8e%a2%e7%b4%a2%e5%bc%95%e5%8a%9b%e8%88%87%e8%b5%a4%e9%81%93/): 這個互動式衛星軌道模擬器 (Satellite Orbit Simulator) 旨在幫助學生視覺化物理學中的萬有引力 (Universal Gravitation) 與圓周運動 (Circular Motion)。
- [重心模擬器 (Centre of Gravity Simulator) - 鉛垂線法 (Plumb Line Method)](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e9%87%8d%e5%bf%83%e6%a8%a1%e6%93%ac%e5%99%a8-centre-of-gravity-simulator-%e9%89%9b%e5%9e%82%e7%b7%9a%e6%b3%95-plumb-line-method/): 這個互動式重心模擬器 (Centre of Gravity Simulator) 旨在幫助學生視覺化物理學中尋找不規則薄片 (Irregular lamina) 重心的實驗過程。透過這個工具，你可以親自操作「鉛垂線法 (Plumb Line Method)」，觀察物體自由懸掛時的物理行為，並找出其重心的精確位置。
- [破解 2500 年物理謎團！科學家終於找出「摩擦生電」的真正原因](https://phychembillyli.hk/468-2/): 在 DSE 物理科的靜電學 (Electrostatics) 課題中，我們學過當兩種不同的物體互相摩擦時，電子會從一種物料轉移到另一種物料上，這稱為摩擦起電效應 (Triboelectric Effect)。
- [載流直導線磁場模擬器 (Magnetic Field of a Straight Wire Simulator) - 探索右手握拳定則(Right Hand Grip Rule)](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e8%bc%89%e6%b5%81%e7%9b%b4%e5%b0%8e%e7%b7%9a%e7%a3%81%e5%a0%b4%e6%a8%a1%e6%93%ac%e5%99%a8-magnetic-field-of-a-straight-wire-simulator-%e6%8e%a2%e7%b4%a2%e5%8f%b3%e6%89%8b%e6%8f%a1%e6%8b%b3/): 這個互動式載流直導線磁場模擬器 (Magnetic Field of a Straight Wire Simulator) 旨在幫助學生視覺化電磁學 (Electromagnetism) 中的基本概念。
- [洛倫茲力模擬器 (Lorentz Force Simulation) - 探索弗萊明左手定則(Fleming's left hand rule)](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e6%b4%9b%e5%80%ab%e8%8c%b2%e5%8a%9b%e6%a8%a1%e6%93%ac%e5%99%a8-lorentz-force-simulation-%e6%8e%a2%e7%b4%a2%e5%bc%97%e8%90%8a%e6%98%8e%e5%b7%a6%e6%89%8b%e5%ae%9a%e5%89%87flemings-left-hand-rule/): 這個互動式洛倫茲力模擬器 (Lorentz Force Simulation) 旨在幫助學生視覺化物理學中的電磁學 (Electromagnetism)。
- [原子激發與電離模擬器 (Excitation and Ionization of Atom Simulator) - 探索波耳模型(Bohr Model)](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e5%8e%9f%e5%ad%90%e6%bf%80%e7%99%bc%e8%88%87%e9%9b%bb%e9%9b%a2%e6%a8%a1%e6%93%ac%e5%99%a8-excitation-and-ionization-of-atom-simulator-%e6%8e%a2%e7%b4%a2%e6%b3%a2%e8%80%b3%e6%a8%a1%e5%9e%8bbohr-m/): 這個互動式原子激發與電離模擬器 (Excitation and Ionization of Atom Simulator) 旨在幫助學生視覺化量子物理學中的波耳模型 (Bohr Model)。
- [輻射偏轉實驗室 (Radiation Deflection Lab) - 探索α、β與γ射線](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e8%bc%bb%e5%b0%84%e5%81%8f%e8%bd%89%e5%af%a6%e9%a9%97%e5%ae%a4-radiation-deflection-lab-%e6%8e%a2%e7%b4%a2%ce%b1%e3%80%81%ce%b2%e8%88%87%ce%b3%e5%b0%84%e7%b7%9a/): 這個互動式輻射偏轉實驗室 (Radiation Deflection Lab) 旨在幫助學生視覺化物理學中的放射性 (Radioactivity) 與粒子在電場及磁場中的運動。
- [散射與原子模型模擬器 (Scattering & Atomic Models Simulator) - 探索盧瑟福(Rutherford model)與湯姆森模型(Thomson model)](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e6%95%a3%e5%b0%84%e8%88%87%e5%8e%9f%e5%ad%90%e6%a8%a1%e5%9e%8b%e6%a8%a1%e6%93%ac%e5%99%a8-scattering-atomic-models-simulator-%e6%8e%a2%e7%b4%a2%e7%9b%a7%e7%91%9f%e7%a6%8frutherford-model/): 這個互動式散射與原子模型模擬器 (Scattering & Atomic Models Simulator) 旨在幫助學生視覺化經典物理學中的粒子散射實驗 (Particle scattering experiment)。
- [星流跡模擬器 (Star Trail Simulator) - 探索恆星的視運動](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e6%98%9f%e6%b5%81%e8%b7%a1%e6%a8%a1%e6%93%ac%e5%99%a8-star-trail-simulator-%e6%8e%a2%e7%b4%a2%e6%81%86%e6%98%9f%e7%9a%84%e8%a6%96%e9%81%8b%e5%8b%95/): 這個互動式星流跡模擬器 (Star Trail Simulator) 旨在幫助學生視覺化物理與天文學中的恆星視運動 (Apparent Motion of Stars)。
- [駐波模擬器 (Stationary Wave Simulator) - 探索波的疊加(Superposition)與干涉(Interference)](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e9%a7%90%e6%b3%a2%e6%a8%a1%e6%93%ac%e5%99%a8-stationary-wave-simulator-%e6%8e%a2%e7%b4%a2%e6%b3%a2%e7%9a%84%e7%96%8a%e5%8a%a0superposition%e8%88%87%e5%b9%b2%e6%b6%89interference/): 這個互動式駐波模擬器 (Stationary Wave Simulator) 旨在幫助學生視覺化物理學中的波疊加原理 (Principle of Superposition)。

## Pages

- [學生專區](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e5%ad%b8%e7%94%9f%e5%b0%88%e5%8d%80/): 緊貼每一堂課的實際學習進度，為個別學生度身設計課後重溫內容。
- [Blog](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e5%ad%b8%e7%bf%92%e6%96%87%e7%ab%a0-blog/): 以近 20 年專科教學經驗，拆解 DSE 物理、化學及初中科學的常見盲點。 拒絕死記硬背，學懂真正的理科思維。
- [虛擬實驗室](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e8%99%9b%e6%93%ac%e5%af%a6%e9%a9%97%e5%ae%a4/): 透過互動模擬探索物理與化學定律。
- [免費學習資源](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e5%85%8d%e8%b2%bb%e5%ad%b8%e7%bf%92%e8%b3%87%e6%ba%90/): 精煉 DSE 物理及化學科核心概念。
- [化學虛擬實驗室](https://phychembillyli.hk/chemistry-apps/): 透過互動模擬探索化學原理。這些應用程式專為學習化學科精心設計，幫助你將抽象複雜的微觀結構與化學反應視覺化，拒絕死記硬背，真正理解底層邏輯。助你考好 香港中學文憑試 (HKDSE) !
- [常見問題](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e5%b8%b8%e8%a6%8b%e5%95%8f%e9%a1%8c/): 為你解答關於教學模式、學費、試堂及課程安排的所有疑問。了解我們如何為你度身訂造奪星藍圖。
- [物理虛擬實驗室](https://phychembillyli.hk/physics-apps/): 透過互動模擬探索物理定律。這些應用程式專為學習物理科精心設計，幫助你將抽象複雜的物理概念視覺化，拒絕死記硬背，真正理解底層邏輯。助你考好 香港中學文憑試 (HKDSE) !
- [DSE Chemistry Notes](https://phychembillyli.hk/dse-chemistry-notes/): 本筆記精煉了 DSE 化學科的核心概念。由於篇幅所限，未能涵蓋所有詳細內容。如有任何學術疑問，歡迎 WhatsApp 聯絡我。
- [網上補習 vs 面授](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e7%b6%b2%e4%b8%8a%e8%a3%9c%e7%bf%92-vs-%e9%9d%a2%e6%8e%88/): 實體面授提供最頂級的專注與監督品質，而 Zoom 則是時間與成本的最佳平衡。
- [為什麼選擇 Billy Sir?](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e7%82%ba%e4%bb%80%e9%ba%bc%e9%81%b8%e6%93%87-billy-sir/): 為什麼選擇 Billy Sir?
- [學生/家長評價](https://phychembillyli.hk/%e5%ad%b8%e7%94%9f-%e5%ae%b6%e9%95%b7%e8%a9%95%e5%83%b9/): 不靠華麗包裝，只用學生的進步與成績說話。以下是過往學生與家長的真實對話紀錄。
- [DSE Physics Notes](https://phychembillyli.hk/dse-physics-notes/): 本筆記精煉了 DSE 物理科的核心概念。由於篇幅所限，未能涵蓋所有詳細內容。如有任何學術疑問，歡迎 WhatsApp 聯絡我。
- [Home](https://phychembillyli.hk/): I. Discover, don’t receive.

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